*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56103 *** LLOYD’S _TREATISE ON HATS_, WITH TWENTY-FOUR ENGRAVINGS; CONTAINING NOVEL DELINEATIONS OF HIS VARIOUS SHAPES, SHEWING THE MANNER IN WHICH THEY SHOULD BE WORN, THE SORT OF FACE AND PERSON BEST SUITED TO EACH PARTICULAR HAT, AND RULES FOR THEIR PRESERVATION; TO WHICH IS ADDED, THE WHOLE PROCESS OF HAT-MAKING; TOGETHER WITH THE CUSTOMS AND REGULATIONS OF JOURNEYMEN HATTERS, AND OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION. ---------------------------- _Dedicated, with Permission, to the Head._ ---------------------------- SECOND EDITION. _LONDON_: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, _By F. Thorowgood, 9, Addle-Street, Aldermanbury_. --- 1819. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PREFACE. ------- TO what trifles do some men owe a perpetuation of their “_famous memory_.” There is Nimrod, for instance, not but what he may have had other and _greater_ merits, yet he is best known as a “_mighty hunter_,” and one who “wore _boots_;” now, allowing the relation to be true, and that he _did_ hunt, and he _did_ wear boots, is there anything extraordinary attaching to either, unless indeed, it could be proved that he had _wooden legs_, or that he was capable of sitting on the backs of two or more animals at one time; and if such were not the case, the simple fact of itself was never worth recording; as well may it be said, a thousand years hence, that LLOYD _was a great Hatmaker, and lived in a great City_. But possibly the hunting system of this _old gentleman_ differed materially from the pastime of our modern _Tally-ho’s_, and instead of running after _hares_, _snipes_, and _conies_, Nimrod’s sport was on the _field of battle_; in whose days the most rational idea is, that all was _game_ which caused pursuits, and all pursuits _hunting_: If it were not so, and his majesty’s capability only extended to the _riding_ upon a _horse’s back_, there is not a butcher’s boy, in any country village between BERWICK and ST. IVES, that would not have ridden Nimrod’s _rump_ off. But it may be asked by those whose inclinations and patience shall lead them to hunt through the following pages, whether this is what it professes to be, a PREFACE, which is supposed to explain, or prepare the mind for something to come; the answer to which is as follows: A horse that will not _go_ without another being led before him, is not worth _riding_, and if what is herein written requires a Preface to render it _intelligible_, it is not worth the _reading_. _May, 1819._ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ JOHN BULL. THE greatest difficulty a painter has professionally to encounter is to produce a striking resemblance of a countenance where there are no striking features: just so with the Hat called “JOHN BULL.” It has no marked style of peculiarity in the formation; but, independent of the _fine texture_, there is in it a combination of rare qualities not often met with: for instance—it has in appearance strong marks of becoming gravity—a bold but manly dignity—a pleasing diffidence, with a conscious, yet unassuming importance—and is recommended to persons somewhat robust in form, features full and round, with a complexion not too dark. In wearing, it should neither be placed aside, thrown too far back, nor brought particularly forward over the face, for the following reasons—the first position would bespeak an air of _non challance_—the second a sort of slovenly neglect in the person—and the third an incommunicative sullenness of disposition. THE WELLINGTON. SO called from the great Hero; not for the popularity of the name alone, but for the reason that such a Hat was actually worn by him; and, in fact, it is a shape uncommonly well suited both to his face and person; the former being a sort of _long oval_, and the latter without the least appearance of _bulk_: indeed a ponderous body, tall or short, with a round, or what is vulgarly termed a pudding face, cannot judiciously shelter itself under a Wellington. This Hat is not only particularly _becoming_ the _person_ of his Grace, but there is that in its appearance which is strongly characteristic of his great mind; for, to an excellently formed crown of about seven inches deep, overspreading an inch at top, there is united a fine arched brim of small dimensions, taking a smartish sweep of the fourth part of a circle, and when placed on the head somewhat _a la Francais_, carries with it an uncommon degree of brilliancy and fire: and the fore and hind parts terminating in a close _point_, clearly shows that, whether _advancing_ or _retreating_, this modern CÆSAR is always sure to _carry_ his point. THE TANDEM. This is a Hat wherein is displayed a good deal of what may be termed _character;_ for which reason, its _becoming_ wearers, comparatively speaking, will be few in number; but notwithstanding this _marked_ peculiarity, there is a sort of _style_ in its general feature which is uncommonly _striking;_ nor is there any form whatever, where so much of that airy lightness is to be seen, as in the Tandem. Few persons over _thirty_ become this Hat, and none under _twenty_, and even _between_ those ages, if the head be more than twenty-two inches, or less than twenty-one and a half in circumference, the whole effect is destroyed. Shape of the face immaterial, provided the complexion is not _too_ dingy; but, above all things, neither _overgrown_ or little _fat_ gentlemen should wear the Tandem. To have the best effect when on the head, it should be placed rather forward, inclining a little to one side. THE TALLY-HO. A very comfortable and convenient hunting Hat, partaking in some degree the natural formation of the head: has many advantages over the old fashioned cap; is _light_, though strong—_porous_, which allows the heat of the head, arising from exertion, to fly off—and _elastic_, the effect of which is to sit close without pressure; but, above all, it has a most gentlemanly appearance, which it never fails to communicate to the wearer, particularly if he be a true sportsman. THE SHALLOW. A Hat more admired for the ease and simplicity of style than for any peculiar character in its general appearance; being low in the crown, it is worn to most advantage by tall thin gentlemen with very large heads; and as the fore and hind part of the brim is _set_ nearly horizontal from the base of the crown, it has two great advantages; the first of which is, that it may be conveniently worn over a wig; and, secondly, if worn _without_, the shirt collar is kept clean much longer than usual. This Hat, to have its proper effect, should be placed on the head with a strict _formality of set_, which in many persons will beget an air of _importance_. N. B. The late Justice Addington generally wore a shallow. THE COBURG. FOR _style_ and _form_ has strong claims to favour; but, being rather small in appearance, the wearer, to show to most advantage, should be somewhat slender in his make, features not too prominent, and in stature about five feet five to five feet ten, but neither _above_ nor _below_. One great advantage attending this Hat is, that the shape of the wearer’s _nose_ is not at all material, provided it be not of that class known by the term “bottled.” It may be worn a little aside, but by no means placed too far on the head, a failing very general among _country_ gentlemen. THE MARQUIS. A well-proportioned Hat in every respect, and may, not inaptly, be termed the _Universal_, as it becomes most persons who wear it; in point of form, there is nothing of what may be called _character_ or _singularity_ in its appearance, and has the rare property of giving to the _wearer_ a sort of dignified affability, a courteous condescension, together with an agreeable modesty, at least in _appearance_. It is named after a certain nobleman, who has all the above qualities united, although in the _prime of life_. To show to advantage on the head, this Hat should not go lower than the tip of the ears, both of which it may barely touch, unless the wearer has a short neck, in that case it must be worn somewhat aside, touching one ear only, but by no means to be _thrown back_. THE ECCENTRIC. _Unique_ in its way, strongly embodying the name in its _form_. This Hat is particularly recommended to gentlemen (and many are to be found) who hold their understandings libelled by acting, thinking, speaking, or dressing like _other men_; but, it must be observed, that slender persons with _dark_ countenances, and about the middle size, best become these Hats: for, however eccentric a man would wish to appear, by adopting any _peculiar_ mode of dress, he never can hope to succeed unless nature has done a _little_ for him; it follows then of course, that a tall or short man, if he be stout and well grown, with a fine open florid countenance, cannot cleverly become an _Eccentric_; but an _agreeable_ contorsion of the eye, a trifling disagreement in the symmetry of the shoulders, or a slight _bias_ of the body _right_ or _left_, are indescribable advantages in giving full effect to this Hat, which may be worn a little on one side, with a gentle inclination over the eyes, unless they are playing at cross purposes, in the event of which it must be thrown quite back, to give effect to their _playful humour_. THE REGENT. A finely-formed and most decidedly elegant Hat: is somewhat upon a large scale, the crown being upwards of seven inches high, much yeoman, with an excellently turned and corresponding brim, producing together a happy union of the nicest proportions: It is worn to most advantage by persons whose height and bulk are above the common stature; not that it is meant to be understood, that every athletic or robust form would _become_ a Regent; on the contrary, there is not a shape in the whole catalogue that demands in the wearer a greater share of _external requisites_ than this; even the very _gait_ is concerned, which, to strike, should be stately and firm, though easy, each step measuring exactly half the length of the whole body—more would become an absolute _stride_—and less a mere _strut_; than which nothing can be farther removed from graceful _carriage_: Be it understood, also, that the Regent is most becoming when placed a little on the _right_ side, but by no means to come _within_ half an inch of the ear—unless the latter should exceed its fair dimensions—in that case it were best hid altogether; but then, to do this, the Hat is forced beyond the proper position, and what was intended as ornament, becomes the very reverse: So circumstanced, the Noble Lord, the Shallow, or the John Bull, might be worn to most advantage; but when Nature has been a little attentive to the minuter parts, as well as the greater proportions of manly exterior, the Regent cannot fail to give additional dignity to the wearer; creating thereby a combination of elegancies that must render his appearance absolutely IRRESISTIBLE. THE KENT. A very gentlemanly Hat, and although there is not the dignity of the Regent about it, there is, notwithstanding, much to admire: Indeed, the scale of proportions are very similar in both; the only _real_ difference existing in the _crown_, which is about one-half of an inch lower than the latter; and, in the _nautical phraseology_, may not inaptly be termed a Regent cut down. It is very singular, and worth remarking, that trifling as the Kent differs from the Regent in actual measurement, the contrariety of effect, when on the head, is great and striking; which unquestionably proves, that a very slight deviation from a given rule will produce results more opposed to each other than the deviation is to the rule itself. The style in which this Hat should be worn is as follows:—if the head be of an _oval_ form, place it thereon, as near as possible, in an horizontal position; but if a _round_ head (which of all descriptions is most dreaded by a _castermonger_) let the Hat be thrown a _little_ back, with a slight inclination on the side most agreeable, which will tend to prevent its assuming that _trencher_-like appearance too common from such causes. The _personal_ requisites suitable to the Kent, may be found on referring to the Cobourg; with this difference, that, as the brim is of larger dimensions, the wearer, if he pleases, may be six feet high. THE CUMBERLAND. THIS Hat, in outline and symmetry, is highly prepossessing, and will always have a number of admirers. The formation, dimensions, and style of the brim, are similar to the Regent and the Kent; but the crown is _taper_ and much _shallower_ than either. It should be worn as nearly horizontal as possible; and, if the wearer be of the middle stature, or above, his bulk or countenance is immaterial. THE VIS-A-VIS. A remarkably STYLISH HAT, possessing great and _peculiar_ advantages over most others, on which account its claims to patronage are of the highest order. The brim, before as well as behind, being brought down quite square, and almost in a perpendicular line with the crown itself, gives the wearer an opportunity of observing things _en passant_, by a sort of side-glance, without being _seen_ so to do; thus, it is well adapted for gentlemen who would fain indulge in the most exquisite admiration of the beauteous _fair_: but by reason of their extreme _modesty_, shrink from the trial: There is, also, another and a very important consideration, which cannot be allowed to pass unnoticed—it is a well-known truth, that there are certain situations in life where the falling into is not at all times to be avoided; the result of which is, to create in the imagination, a perpetual apprehension lest some villainous intruder should, in defiance of eloquence or inclination, _compel_ the _acceptance_ of his official or rather _officious_ attendance: to counteract so dirty a custom, as well as to nip the system in the very _bud_, this Hat is most admirably contrived—for by a simple elevation of the hinder part, the front may be brought so far over the face, as to form a complete shade for the countenance. Here then is the attainment of two _great_ ends—modesty encouraged, and impertinence restrained. Lastly, and not the least of its useful purposes is, that should the introduction of the Vis-a-Vis become general, those novel and graceful evolutions of the body, denominated the _bend_, the _flutter_, and the _poke_, may be performed in a much smaller space than usual, and without the least danger to the eyes, which is greatly to be feared, when the distinguished votaries, in the eager performance of these newly-imported civilities, are brought too abruptly _face to face_. Although there is much of the _dash_ in this Hat, it has, notwithstanding, a sort of _sombre_ appearance, which calls on the wearer for a _figure_ and _countenance_ to correspond; it is therefore, if _ornamentally_ considered, recommended to such only, whose complexion is of a darkish hue, visage long, not over bulky in person, and _above_ the middle size; but, if _usefully_ considered, all the nicer distinctions must yield to imperious necessity. THE PETERSHAM. A connoisseur examining a fine painting, was asked by a bye-stander, which part he most admired; his answer was, “_no part_.” “What!” observed the other, “is it possible that so highly talented a production as this is acknowledged to be, can have no merits in your estimation?” To which the connoisseur replied—“Sir, a work so masterly in execution—so striking in effect—so perfect in _all_ its parts, cannot be truly estimated but as a _whole_.” Here, then, the _picture_ is the _Petersham_—the _selection_ of beauties therein, the _difficulty_: To get rid of which, be it sufficient to state, that the prominent feature in this Hat is elegance of _style_, strongly visible in all its parts, and each part in unison with the whole; which for _tonish_ and exquisite _dash_ has no competitor. It will be seen, from what is here stated, that, much as this Hat is capable of transfusing its _graces_ to the wearer (and who can doubt it), some _little_ attention to _personal_ requisites is necessary—which, in stature, should be over five feet seven, and not too lusty; countenance or complexion is of little consequence; but the visage should be oval, such corresponding uncommonly well with the fine _arched_ brim, which forms nearly two-fifths of a circle; and, when tastefully placed on the head, with a slight inclination over the face, so as to bring the _fore_ point on a line with the _tip_ of the nose, such will be the result, that, whatever difficulty may attend a just description of its astonishing effects, the advantages to a wearer will most assuredly be FELT. THE TILBURY. THIS Hat is bold in appearance, but full of _character_: Indeed, there is so much of the _whip_ in its general outline, that it can never, with propriety, be worn but as a _driving_ Hat. THE BANG-UP. WHAT a pleasing reflection it is, all things considered, that near as the human _form_ may approach to perfection, still that form is capable of being _improved_ by ingenuity; but then, the difficulty is to decide on what really _are improvements_: for instance, some will admire a fine slope in the coat _skirts_, tapering off like the tail of a goose; some (whether or no to catch the manners of a _hoyden_) will put on the _frock_; others, again, admire the _pantaloon_; and many give a decided preference to _inexpressibles_. But the _Bang-up_, as a Hat, is the very master-piece of inventive taste, wherein all admiration must of necessity _centre_, having not only in its general appearance a bold and manly _front_, but a pleasing harmony of parts, all tending to produce an agreeable union of _taste_ and _utility_; who then would mount the “_box_” without being decorated with its chiefest ornament? THE CLERICUS. A very CONTEMPLATIVE, SEDATE, PIOUS-LOOKING HAT, much worn by Police-Officers, Quack-Doctors, and Clergymen; this, it may be said, is a strange assemblage of _characters_ to bring under _one head_, and some may hold the _association_ to be a reflection on the _latter_, when in truth the very _opposite_ is intended; in proof of which it is only necessary to observe that, where the attainment of an object depends on _outward show_, such contrivances will be resorted to as are best calculated to secure the object in view; and the very _assumption_ of the habit here spoken of by the “traps” and “quacks” of the day, is evidence of the habit itself being in the _highest possible estimation_. If taken in an _ornamental_ point of view, it would be no easy task to decide on its merits; but if _usefully_ considered, the conclusion is plain and easy. It is an admitted fact, that an idea of dignity cannot embody itself with _little things_, hence the custom of wearing _large wigs_, for such doubtless these Hats were originally intended, and for this reason, the hinder part being drawn up with loops in two places, no peruke, however large its dimensions, can receive the least injury; in short, it may be worn under this Hat with as little discomfiture to the _intricate friz_ as though it were absolutely on the very block itself: here then is produced what may be termed a happy union of wisdom and piety, inasmuch as it is allowed, when speaking of high legal characters, that the _wisdom_ is in the _wig_, and by the same rule (when Clericus is worn by a Divine) the _piety_ must be in the _Hat_. The style of putting on will greatly depend on the size of the _peruke_, without which it should never be worn, particularly if the hair be _lank and black_. THE BON-TON. IN point of form and fine proportions, this Hat cannot fail to rank high in general estimation. Its appearance very much resembles the Wellington, or rather it is between the Wellington and the Marquis; and, like the latter, there is that becoming _style_, which not only _harmonizes_, but gives a _peculiar grace_ to the majority of its wearers. THE BARONET. THIS is a Hat highly respectable in appearance, and well suited to gentlemen in the _decline_ of life; but as that is a state to which few will acknowledge while there is a capability of _hobbling without a crutch_, something definite had better be stated by giving the precise age;—take it then at _fifty_, which will put all doubts at rest. The reason for fixing on the Baronet, as suitable to those in declining years, is its grave, reflecting, methodical cast, such as would seem to say of the _wearer_—“Here is one that possesses a serenity of mind, an easy indifference of disposition, a tranquillity of thought, which would quietly disentangle itself from the vain, shadowy, fleeting desires of this life, and leave no regret behind.” There are many other recommendatory properties in this Hat, but those already particularized are the most valuable; yes, _valuable_,—for it is a well-known fact, that mankind are often made up of contrivance, that is, they frequently give to _appearance_ the shape of _reality_;—and however strange the doctrine may at first appear, it is nevertheless true, that the custom is often attended with very _beneficial results_, inasmuch as by _endeavouring_ to maintain an _apparent_ consistency between _habit_ and _action_, the _propriety_ of doing right becomes so strongly impressed on the mind, that the villainy of a bad practice is seen in its _worst deformity_, and conscience, the unerring monitor of the mind, rides triumphant over all. These are recommendations of no ordinary nature, and such that will no doubt cause much inquiry after the _Baronet_. As to growth or countenance, there is an old saying, that “beggars should not be choosers;” and the wearer, if he becomes so from _necessity_, will feel the propriety of leaving choice out of the question. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: _Engraved for_ =Lloyd’s= _treatise on Hats._ _John Bull. The Cobourg. The Baron. Clericus. The New Dash. The Shallow. The Cumberland. The Viz-a-viz. The Eccentric. The Wellington. A Noble Lord. The Tandem. The Marquis. The Tally-ho. The Bang-up. Baronet. The Paris Beau. The Bon Ton. A bit of Blood. The Jolliffe. The Dandy. The Regent. The Irresistible. The Petersham. Designed by R. Lloyd, Hat Maker, No. 92, Newgate-Street._] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ THE JOLLIFFE. A mind which is struck, through the medium of sight, with impressions of sublimity, will have those impressions strengthened in proportion as the _magnitude_ of the object viewed is the greater, and as all things are but great or small _comparatively_, it follows, of course, that bodies of the same class, description, or affinity, which are _less_ than the _largest_, must suffer, when brought into the scale of comparison with their superiors: agreeably to these rules, the JOLLIFFE, whose dimensions exceed all others, comes forward with strong claims to patronage, for besides the importance with which it never fails to strike every beholder, it is sure to convey a corresponding importance to the WEARER. Here then are considerations which should not be trifled with, particularly as the _assumption_ of a thing is often taken for the thing itself—nay, are there not situations in life where _appearances_ become so vitally important that it would be little short of criminality not to _put them on_? and where the attainment of great ends may be insured by nothing more than a simple attention to the _formation_ of a _Hat_, it would be worse than folly to neglect the means. Rightly taken, what a multiplicity of persons might be benefitted by the above _hints_; Princes, Peers, and Plenipotentiaries; Senators, State-ministers, or Trading Politicians;—all—all may find their interest in the adoption of the Jolliffe; and that these great personages may not plead ignorance as to the manner in which it should be worn with the best effect, here follow the proper instructions. If a PRINCE, let it be _lightly_ placed on the head, and a little _aside_, which _bespeaks a sort of cheerful approving_ confidence in one’s own actions.—If a PEER, it should be worn in a firm horizontal position, just covering half the forehead; which gives the appearance of a wise and steady determination where great questions are agitated, particularly when they become _self_ interesting.—If an AMBASSADOR, it may be thrown a _little back_, inclining somewhat aside; such position indicating a bold and careless indifference to all around, which will be taken for granted that such could not arise from any other cause than a total disregard for the _result_ of his mission; a practice, although not often hit on, may have many advantages. As to the three _latter_ characters, their pursuits having all the same end—POPULARITY—let them consult the style of the Prince, and remember that, in whomsoever confidence has credit, popularity is sure to follow. -------------- ⸪ As the Jolliffe is not likely to be worn unless for _special purposes_, to give an idea who would best become it is unnecessary. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ THE FOUR-IN-HAND. A modern-styled _whip_, Howe’er he may dip Into fashion’s wide vortex his _pinions_, To make a bold stand, LLOYD’S prime _Four-in-Hand_ Must cover his _upper dominions_. For ease, form, and _set_, The like never yet Was seen, at least so run opinions; Then ye four-in-hand whips, In your _jarvey_-like trips Take care of your _upper dominions_. _DIMENSIONS_. It measures, by rule, Near three inches full In the brim, with a crown wide at top; Nor is there a _face_ But what it will _grace_, If purchased at LLOYD’S _fancy shop_. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A BIT OF BLOOD. The term itself naturally implies a something upon a _small_ scale, which is the fact, and although there is nothing of that imposing dignity of style in the above Hat, which characterizes the _Regent_, the _Petersham_, &c. there is a _lively_, _animated_, and _vigorous_ fire in all its features, that will not allow of any falling off in the general comparison. To give a complete catalogue of the many VIRTUES belonging to _a bit of blood_, would exceed the allotted limits; but it cannot be amiss to detail a few of the more _prominent_, that all, whose necessities may bear to the point, should be _benefitted_ by the _wearing_: First then, it is admirably calculated for those who are about to ask _favors_, such being more readily _granted_ when they seem the _less wanted_, and no one could suppose that the _saucy_ animation which would be so strongly visible under this Hat could make the application from NECESSITY. Secondly, it will be of singular advantage to _elderly gentlemen_ in pursuit of _young wives_, who nine times in ten decide on the choice of a man from the _cock_—of his Hat. Thirdly, (not that there is much need of it for such a purpose now-a-days) its advantages for those that are tormented with _dunns_ are incalculable, for, by being placed pretty firm on the head, inclining rather to one side, at the same time assuming a sharp _erect_ position of the body, a stern direction of the eye, and arms _a-kimbo_, the devil himself, in the shape of a _creditor_, would hardly hazard the REPETITION OF A VISIT. _N. B._ No service to gentlemen of the _learned_ profession. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ THE _PROCESS_ OF HAT-MAKING EXPLAINED, WITH PREFATORY REMARKS, &c. &c. ------- TURKS are said to assign as a reason for not wearing Hats, that they are put together by _witchcraft_. There is certainly a great deal of ingenuity in the practice, and some _effects_ produced whose _causes_ are as yet unexplained: but, with all due deference to these _turban gentlemen_, it is presumed that they have objections beyond what is above stated, some of which are as follows:—_First_, their country is destitute of the most essential material—FUR. _Second_, the climate being extremely sultry, stoves, irons, and scalding water are not likely to become favourites. _Thirdly_, being compelled by their religion to keep their heads _close shaved_, a Hat, above all human inventions, would be the most ridiculous covering _they_ could adopt. There are many opinions as to the time Hats were first invented, and, very probably, all equally erroneous. Some carry the date as far back as the foundation of Christianity, attributing the merit to St. Luke, of whom it is said, that he, having tender feet, put a layer of hair or fur between them and his sandals, in which situation friction and moisture caused such an interweaving of particles, that the whole became strongly united, or (technically called) FELTED. Whether the story, as applied to Luke, be true or false, is immaterial; but that such did happen with some one, is very likely; nor is it at all unlikely, but that an occurrence of this kind did really give the first idea of Hat-making. Having remarked thus much, I shall next proceed to state, what is not the less true than surprising, which is, that of the various branches of manufacture which this country is so highly distinguished for, none are less understood than Hat-making; nay, there is not one person in fifty who, if he were asked the question, could tell whether a Hat was or was not a _woven_ substance; nor is there one in 500 but what suppose that the _skin_ of a hare or rabbit is worked with the fur _attached_ to it, as in the natural state; and, to form a correct judgment of the external material, when manufactured, whether it be hair, wool, or beaver, although many pretend, none are really competent but those _experienced_ in the _trade_. To show the absurd notions some entertain on this matter, I state as a fact, that I do not know a manufacturer or seller in the trade but what has been applied to, by some one or other, to have a _Beaver_ Hat made from a _hare_’s skin. Nay, I remember once offending a very good customer, and a man not wanting for sense either, by an involuntary burst of laughter, on his presenting the skin of a _French lap-dog_ for the very same purpose. It is no uncommon thing for persons who are on pretty good terms with their capabilities to give opinions as to the _merits_ or _demerits_ of a Hat; which opinions are as opposite to the true state of the case as the sun’s rays to a state of darkness. I shall give an instance, although a trifling one, of a very common error among persons who _suppose_ themselves to have a knowledge of the subject, which is this, if the picker has not a very good eye, some of the larger hairs will be left in the Hat, and consequently the most _visible_; these are directly termed “_grey hairs_,” when the truth is, that they are the _blackest_ in the whole composition; but being thicker than the general mass, they receive a greater portion of _light_, which is mistaken for a grey colour: an easy method of proving the fact is to pull one of these _grey hairs_ from the Hat, and place it on a piece of white paper, the _contrast_ will decide the question. Again, whatever produces a glutinization of the NAP, is said to be the effect of the stiffening; this is not true in every case, for it is frequently owing to improper management in placing the Hat, when wet, before a large fire, which should never be done; the better way is, if very wet, to hang it up without brushing or wiping, and when dry it is easily put to rights, by gently passing over a clothes brush: if only slightly wet, wipe it with a handkerchief, and, when dry, it will brush clean. But the great fault with most persons is to put on their Hats, day after day, in the same _dirty state_ as when taken off at night; from which it is natural to infer, that there must be a vast accumulation of dirt; it is this dirt, when exposed to the rain, that forms a sort of cement, or paste, having all the appearance of what is commonly called “_gum_.” Another proof of erroneous judgment—Profuse perspiration of the head is what many are subject to; by reason of which, from the frequency of wearing, and the _porosity_ of the Hat, there is a continual absorption of moisture going on until it becomes completely _saturated_, particularly in front, the consequence is, that the nap lies buried in a greasy matter, which matter is also, but very inappropriately termed _gum_ or _stiffening_, when in point of fact it is _neither_, for the very same effect would, under the like circumstances, be produced, and in much less time, if the Hat were not stiffened at all. The best remedy for this is a piece of thin flannel under the leather, and that frequently changed. There is nothing so detrimental to a Hat as a severe exposure to rain on the first, second, or even third time of wearing; for this reason, the materials wherewith it is composed are in a manner quite _green_, and require _seasoning_; to effect which it should be frequently put on in dry weather. I have always found that a Hat, constantly worn for five or six weeks _without being wet_, underwent every sort of hardship afterwards with little or no injury, retaining at the same time its beauty—form—and wearing _three times longer_ than it otherwise would have done. It may be asked, why not, to prevent accidents, render the Hat _water-proof_? that is, impervious to the action of either atmosphere or rain. The thing is easy enough, I admit; but where there is a choice of only _two evils_, it is always best to select the _least_. We all know (or should know) that if a man were to enclose himself, arms, legs, and body, in what is called an _oil-skin dress_, and that drawn close round the neck, the whole tightly fitted to every part of his person as a Hat is to the head, the most unpleasant consequences would ensue; the cause why is obviously this, the exhalations of the body, particularly in a state of exertion, would when so _enclosed_, be either prevented from flying off, as nature requires, or otherwise checked altogether; precisely so with the head if the porosity of the Hat was destroyed, which it must be to resist effectually the action of water. This deduction must be so clear and self-evident that further reasoning is unnecessary. Another great objection against water-proof _Hats_ is, that the ingredients made use of for such purposes, when exposed to the sun’s heat, are so acted upon as to cause a _decomposition_ of the colour, and nine times in ten, the Hat, before it is half worn out, becomes any thing but what it was meant to be. It is astonishing to hear the number of qualifications a Hat is _said_ to have, and each as opposite to the other as it is possible for any two things to be; some, for instance, maintain that it cannot be good unless it is _light_, others again will decidedly condemn it for _being so_, insisting that the chief recommendation is its being firm and _stout_. All that is requisite to be observed on this, is that _weight_ has no more to do with the _quality_ of a Hat, than the situation of prime minister has to do with the cramming of turkies. A very inferior Hat may be made _equally light_ with the most superior, and in both cases the cost of manufacture will be less than if they were made _stout_. The length of the beaver too is another point on which the difference of opinion is often experienced; many are for very _short naps_, declaring all others to be outrageously vulgar; but the majority of wearers seem best pleased with _long_ naps, which always _take_ and _retain_ the best _black_, while, on the contrary those that are very short never do. A medium between the two is the most preferable. Having stated thus much, I shall next proceed to explain in what way a fine Hat is _made_, describing as accurately as possible the various processes it undergoes, as also the materials with which it is composed, the proportions of each as well as the quantity of work a man is capable of doing, whether _maker_ or _finisher_, in a week, the amount of wages, together with some of the curious regulations, by-laws, &c. &c. &c. In the first place, as I shall have occasion to mention a few of the _implements_ by name, a short description of them may not be amiss. There is the BOW, which in form is not unlike what is used for playing on a _double bass_, but in length and thickness is equal to a constable’s staff; there is a bridge at each end, from one to the other of which is tightly strung a stout line of _catgut_. The HURDLE is situate in what is called the bow garret, and is a sort of _table_, on which the _fur_ is bowed, or mixed, having the farther end and sides enclosed to prevent the material from being blown away. The BATTERY is somewhat like the hopper of a mill, in this is contained the hot _liquor_, and is mostly constructed for eight men, _round_ which they stand when _making_; the lower part is lead, the upper or working part mahogany. All batteries are formed into divisions called PLANKS, one of which is allotted to each man. There are many other little things used by makers, but these three are all that deserve particular notice. The first thing a maker looks for in the morning is the FUR, or raw material, which is furnished to him by _weight_; the quantity being more or less, according to the substance of the Hat required, and is in _two_ parcels, one of which contains the BEAVER, or napping; the other the BODY (a proportionate scale of both will be seen hereafter). Thus provided he takes it to the BOW GARRET; the materials for the body are first placed on the hurdle, and the bow being hung at the centre for support, is held in the left hand horizontally, so that the catgut may come in contact with the fur; in the _right_ hand is placed a small piece of stick, with a _nut_ at the end, and in this position the work begins after the following manner. The _catgut_ of the bow (being first placed in the midst of the _fur_) is pulled or struck with the knotted stick, which produces, from a quick repetition of the stroke, a continued _vibration_, this _vibration_ it is that causes a separation or _flitting_ of the fur, at the same time mixing and cleansing it. This operation is continued until such ends are fully attained. It is next divided into _halves_, one of which is laid aside, and the other again bowed over. In this second operation the workman contrives, partly by bowing, and partly by a slight _wicker frame_, to bring the material into an oblong form, and equal in size to a large sheet of cartridge paper; this is called a BAT, and when done it is gently _pressed down_ by the _wicker_, after which a damp linen cloth is laid all over, and on this again is placed a thick piece of dry HORSE HIDE; the workman now begins to press hard on the hide for about five minutes; in the doing this the fur adheres close to the damp cloth, into which it is _doubled up_, and once more undergoes the pressure of the hand. Under this operation (which is called BASONING) the _bat_ becomes _consolidated_, and may be thrown, when taken out of the cloth, from one end of the garret to the other without injury. The second half is next bowed, formed into a _bat_, and _basoned_ as the first. This half _remains_ on _the hurdle_, and a piece of _paper_, somewhat conical, is placed on it, _over which_, and agreeable to the shape, the sides of the bat are _doubled_. Here then is formed one half of the _body_, this is laid aside, and the first bat is then put flat on the hurdle _on which_ the one previously doubled is placed with its open part downwards; the lower bat being transversely doubled over the top hat, forms a sort of conical, or harlequin’s cap; in this state it is once more put into the damp cloth, where it receives another hardening for the purpose of uniting or _knitting_ both _bats_ together; after this it is folded into the compass of _two hands_, ready for the _plank_. The next thing is the _beaver_, or covering, which is bowed in _form_ to correspond with the _body_, but has nothing to do with it in this stage. Matters being completed thus far, this is called the _first process of Hat-making_. The second commences as follows:—The workman having gone from the bow garret to the making shop, takes his stand at the battery, under which is a FIRE, for the purpose of heating the liquor;[1] into this hot liquor the _body_ is quickly _immersed_, where it remains till soaked through; it is afterwards laid on the _plank_ to _drain_ and _cool_; this done, it is unfolded, gently rolled, turned at short intervals in every direction, to prevent the sides uniting together; and as the _liquor_ becomes _cold_ and rolled out, it is continually supplied with _hot_ and fresh, by the sprinkling of a _brush_, which is dipped in the _kettle_ for that purpose; under this operation, assisted by the astringency of the _vitriol_, the body _shrinks_, and begins to assume a tough _substance_. When it has shrunk to a _certain size_ (say three-fifths, if to be _double_ covered), it is laid flat on the _plank_, and the _first_ coat of _beaver_, as it comes from the _bow_, is laid quite over it; the _brush_ is now dipped into the hot liquor, the contents of which is sprinkled all over the _beaver_, directly afterwards it is gently _patted down_ with the hot brush; here the body is put into a _hair-cloth_, rolled in hot liquor, turned inside out, rolled again until the _beaver_, is completely worked into the body; when this is effected, it is in a fit state to receive the _second_ covering, which is put on as the first, the _working_, _turning_, _patting_, and _rolling_ still continuing until it is reduced to a fit dimension, the _beaver_ quite _clean_, and all together assuming a closely _felted_, fine, solid piece of workmanship; after which it is immediately _blocked_ in this same liquor, to the size wanted, and put into a _stove_ to dry, from whence it is taken, and with a small fine card the beaver is gently raised; without this, one half would lie buried, and the beauty lost.—Here then is the complete PROCESS OF HAT-MAKING. Footnote 1: The liquor, which is always kept up to _scalding_ heat, is nothing more than clean soft water, with a wine glass of _vitriol_, and a small quantity of beer dregs thrown in. The first is to _shrink_ the body of the Hat in working; the other to destroy the _pernicious_ effect of the vitriol. It is next sent to the DYER from whom it passes to the FINISHER, who, after stiffening, blocking, and _half_ finishing, sends it to be picked, which is performed by a woman, whose place it is to pull out the _kemps_ or thick hairs, without injuring the beaver,[2] although that is not always accomplished. From the _picker_ it returns to the finisher who, by the IRON and velvet cushion, gives it those highly brilliant and admired beauties that an English Hat is so pre-eminently distinguished for. The shaper next takes it in hand, who is guided in his operations by the _fancy_ of the wearer, if bespoke, which is sometimes a little _whimsical_. After shaping, it goes to the _trimmer_, from whom it is returned to the TIPPER OFF; he gets it ready for wearing; it is then sent to its destination, when the master, if he is _fortunate_, puts the amount into his pocket.[3] Footnote 2: It has frequently been asked, why not make a Hat with _beaver only_, the answer is, there is not sufficient _stamina_ or strength in it to become a sound _felted_ substance. It would be worse than building a _brick_ house without _mortar_ or some sort of cement, to bind the whole together. Footnote 3: Some have payment _before_-hand, which brings out the following old, but very foolish saying, “there are but _two_ bad paymasters, _he_ who pays beforehand, and _he_ who _never_ pays.” How the latter can be a _paymaster_ requires some little ingenuity to determine. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF JOURNEYMEN HATTERS. [Illustration: Decoration] TO enter _fully_ into the various regulations and forms that the “_trade_” have, from time to time, instituted and acted upon, would of itself fill a volume; all that can be done then in this small work will be to give the best possible outline of such matters as are most likely to interest those who may wish for information on the subject. The most important laws of this trade are these:— _First_—No man shall work as a _maker_ or _finisher_, unless he has served an apprenticeship of seven years to what is called a “_fair master_.” _Second_—To be a fair master, and entitled, according to the rules of the trade, to take an apprentice, he must have manufactured his _own Hats_, seven years prior to the _taking_, or otherwise have served a fair seven years’ apprenticeship himself to the trade. _Third_—Whether there be one, two, or more in a manufacturing firm, that firm are not to have more than two apprentices at one time. _Fourth_—There are a number of masters who do not manufacture their own “_stuff_,” but are employed by “_Great Houses_,” who, although they have a right, by law, to take apprentices, yet those apprentices, by reason of their masters not working their _own materials_, are never admitted to stand by the side of _fair men_, on which account they must ever continue _foul_, and debarred of the usual privileges, or submit to a _second_ apprenticeship. This is a case that frequently occurs; indeed it is no uncommon thing to see a man with a wife and half a dozen children, himself near thirty years old, serving a second apprenticeship for a fair time; the hardship of this must be admitted, inasmuch as it is punishing a man for a fault he never committed. _Fifth_—A _foul man_ is one that has not served his apprenticeship agreeably to the rule of the trade, or has been guilty of some act detrimental to the _supposed_ interests of the journeymen in general. These are called “KNOBSTICKS.” _Sixth_—A fair man has the privilege of what is called “_turns upon tramp_,” that is, if he cannot obtain work in the town where he resides, or has an inclination to _travel_, he may journey or _tramp_ to the next; should any of the _fraternity_ be there, and he wishes to get “_shopped_” he is “_asked for_” by one in that factory, (no man being allowed to ask for himself), if unsuccessful, there are two night’s lodging for him, two pots of strong beer, bread and cheese, and a shilling or two to forward him to the next town. The _money turn_ in London is five shillings, but no man is entitled to a _second_ turn in one place, until after the expiration of six months from his receiving the first. _Seventh_—If a journeyman has, by his own act, become _foul_, nothing can absolve him but submitting to a _fine_, and this is measured according to the offence, which, in some _heinous_ cases, such as “_creeping_” into favour with the master, or going to work when all the rest have struck for wages, is as high as ten guineas. There are three distinct courts for the examination and punishment of offenders. The _first_, or High Court of CONGRESS, is a sort of general assembly, composed of either Makers or Finishers, just as their separate interests may be concerned; but on all joint questions these parties form a _junction_. In this court matters of importance only are discussed; as, for instance, the _advance of prices_, the abrogation of old laws, and the making of new ones, under the _operation_ of which, it sometimes happens that both men and masters, as well as the law of the land, are alike the victims. The _fines_ levied in this court are appropriated to special and “STRIKING” purposes, often tending to produce a “COMBINATION” of interesting effects. The masters too are not wholly exempt from these pretty little combinations, which, however, do not always realize or carry their intended _point_; this is owing (it is thought) to the vast affection journeymen bear towards their employers; indeed so much so, that they cannot bear the _latter_ should “LOWER” themselves. There is a court below this, which is formed by taking one or two men from the seven _nearest_ shops. Their sitting, if not _public_, is sure to be in a _public-house_, president, _Sir John Barleycorn_. The matters chiefly brought here are those that relate to the misconduct of journeymen towards each other in the same factory, and which cannot be settled where they originated. This is called “DOZENING,” and their power of FINE extends to two guineas, which is drank in good old stout by the whole seven shops; but as all _dry_ subjects are prohibited in this tribune, the extent of fine greatly depends on the state of the weather; so that if it be a sultry summer’s day, the punishment of an offender is in proportion to the _sun’s heat_. The third and lowest _court_ is an assembly of shop-mates only, this meeting is called a “GARRET MATCH,” and may be demanded for the punishment of an aggressor, by any aggrieved man in a factory. Power of fine from two to ten shillings. I have before stated that there are in this trade _foul_ men; in point of number they constitute about one-sixth part of the whole; but their earnings, or price of labour is the same as the fair trade. A journeyman finisher in full work will earn, on an average, from three to four pounds a-week; while, on the contrary, a maker cannot get more than _fifty shillings_. This is a subject of much jealousy and discontent; nor is it likely to be otherwise, unless the latter can raise himself to an equality with the former; against this there are many obstacles, one of which is, the _increasing_ foul trade, who would continue working, even though the fair men had “_struck_.” Another is, that they could never obtain the co-operation of the finishers, who, being amply paid themselves, think it best to leave well alone. These are the _principal regulations_ which govern journeymen hatters, whether they have a good or a bad tendency is questionable; there are many in the _trade_ who decidedly condemn them, giving as their reasons, that they encourage idleness, tippling, and endless squabbles. _Idleness_—inasmuch as when men are summoned to discuss the most trifling matters, even though the meeting be at five o’clock in the morning, they seldom feel _disposed_ to return to their work that day. _Tippling_—for the reason that, as _fines_ are mostly spent in _drink_, the conviction of a supposed offender is generally _thirsted_ after; but as the quantum levied seldom suffices, all further supplies for the remainder of the day are met by individual subscription. In these cases there is no show of niggardliness, as every succeeding gallon of the “_sparkling entire_,” is but an _internal_ messenger, bearing the glad tidings of another to come. _Squabbles_, because it is natural, when the _desire_ for a thing is once created, and the gratification of that desire (where nothing of criminality attaches) can be indulged, by having recourse to a little contrivance, that the opportunity of so doing should be more frequently _made_, than suffered to approach accidentally; which will account for the _trifling magnitudes_ that are allowed to agitate shops and factories in general. The arguments in _favour_ of these laws are, that without them, apprentices would be careless in serving out their _time_, the trade over-run with bad workmen, hats greatly deteriorated in the manufacture, the excellence of which is their chief recommendation in a foreign market, and the surest guarantee of the master’s profits at home. Having given the _contending_ opinions, in reference to the laws of this trade, I shall say a word or two concerning the shape, and manner of placing a hat on the head. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ON THE SHAPE AND STYLE OF WEARING A HAT. THERE is no part of a man’s dress that _makes_ or _mars_ his appearance so much as his hat; not that it is its striking beauty when new, or a want of it when old, that is most materially concerned in producing either of the above effects; the grand point is the FORM, and the position which it is made to assume on the head; yet how few there are who give the least attention to either, except indeed military men, and they in general are uncommonly tasty, affording the best example of the precise style in which a hat should be worn. It is no less singular than true, that the same hat, by being placed on the head in different positions, will give, in _appearance_, as many distinct _characters_ to the _same person_ as the number of those positions amount to. The most striking are as follows:—_sullenness_—_indolence_—_gravity_, and _good humoured impudence_. To give the first, draw the brim of the hat so far over the eyes that they shall be quite concealed. The second is produced by the hat being thrown quite back. The third by a prim _horizontal_ set, covering equally all parts of the head; and the fourth will not be easily mistaken wherever an _extravagant cock_ on either side is brought full into view. These are undoubtedly all _extreme_ habits, and seldom pushed to the extent here described; yet a slight inclination to either position may, under circumstances, have a very good effect. There is another bad custom that ought to be noticed, which I shall do by first observing, that a hat was intended solely to keep the head _dry_—ON which it should be worn; but many seem to differ from this opinion, using it as a sort of NIGHT-CAP wherein is thrust head, ears, and all. This is a most slovenly practice, as well as a dangerous one, inasmuch as it tends to keep the head in a continual and _forced_ state of perspiration, rendering a liability to “_take cold_,” every time the hat is removed. Yet even this habit is not so bad as sticking the hat on the _back_ of the head, which, of all others, is the most general, and carries with it the greatest impropriety, because such a position not only destroys the shape, but by lodging on the coat collar, the hind part, from _friction_, becomes greasy, and the binding is always in a state of raggedness; added to these disadvantages, a most ridiculous effect is produced by the practice, that is, the head in _appearance_ is converted into a sort of _peg_, AGAINST which the hat seems to _hang_, instead of being placed _upon_. A man who indulges in so bad a custom, should at least preserve a _consistency_ in his dress by walking “slip shoed,” breeches knees open, and without braces, stockings down, waistcoat unbuttoned, cravat half tied, one arm only in his coat sleeve, and at least a six months’ uncombed crop of hair about his pericranium; here he would be of a piece; and grotesque as such a figure must appear, by a general adoption of these “captivating negligencies,” there is no greater inconsistency in the whole catalogue than that of wearing a hat on the _back part_ of the head. As to the _form_ of a hat, and what is best for _this face_ or _that person_, there is more in it than what is generally supposed, and a great deal might be said on the subject; but to talk of a _standard fashion_ is absurd in the extreme, in proof of which it need only be observed, that if very large hats were adopted, a thin man of five feet high, would, by the wearing, become as complete a caricature, as a twenty stone man of six feet would by wearing a very small one. The best fashion a man can follow in a hat is that which best becomes him, and various as heads, faces, and persons may be, all things are now accomplished (so far as a hat is concerned) that can either _fit_ the one or ornament the other, By the Head’s sincere friend, and well-wisher, R. L. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ _Furs used in a Hat of fine quality, according to the present improved system of making, their proportions, value, cost of manufacture, &c. &c._ FOR THE BODY. s. d. per oz. s. d. 4 oz. of seasoned coney wool, 1 0 .. 4 0 ½ oz. red wool 2 4 .. 1 2 ¼ oz. of silk 0 9 .. 0 4½ FOR THE COVERING. s. d. per oz. s. d. 1 oz. of prime seasoned beaver 8 6[4] .. 8 6 Journeyman’s wages for making[5] 3 6 Dyeing 0 8 Stiffening, finishing, and picking 1 8 Cost of lining, finding, band, and box 2 6 Sewing in of ditto 0 6 ————— £1 2 10½ Footnote 4: No hat can be good, or well covered, with less than one ounce of prime beaver; and, small as the quantity is, there was a time when journeymen makers (catching the custom of their betters, and by way of tythe) thought it no sin to appropriate a part of this material to their _own use_; but, for the credit of the _trade_ be it said, the practice is long since abolished, and a man attempting it at the present day would be scouted from the factory where he worked, by every honest journeyman therein. Footnote 5: The average week’s work of a _maker_ is about ten hats; that of a _finisher_, from five to six dozen. Such is the cost of materials and labour at the present period; it is true that the above scale is drawn from “credit prices;” but let every part of a manufacturing concern be carried on for money only, which is rarely the case, still the deduction from the _whole_ cannot be more than 7½ per cent. All substitutes for the above _materials_ are decidedly condemned; nor can their _quantities_, as here stated, be lessened, without injury to the remainder. Here then is sufficient evidence that a fine hat must, under the most favourable circumstances, stand the manufacturer in upwards of twenty-one shillings, yet many _assume_ a capability of _retailing_ such an article at less even than the charge of manufacture. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ _A General List of_ Lloyd’s _Fashionable Hats, invented, manufactured, and sold by him, at his Warehouse, 92, Newgate-Street, London._ The John Bull │ The Bang-up The Wellington │ The Jolliffe The Tandem │ Clericus The Tally-Ho │ The Bon-Ton The Shallow │ The Baronet The Coburg │ The Four-in-Hand The Marquis │ A Bit of Blood The Eccentric │ The Baron The Regent │ A Noble Lord The Kent │ The New Dash The Cumberland │ A Paris Beau The Esquire │ The Brutus The Vis-a-Vis │ The Exquisite The Petersham │ The Irresistible The Tilbury │ The Pic Nic The Count │ The Viscount The Medium │ And the Dandy. CONCLUSION. If the foregoing treatise to be judged by the _letter_ and not the _spirit_—have mercy reader. RULES FOR MEASURING A HAT.—Take the circumference on the _outside_, where the band is fixed, in inches. The breadth of brim and depth of crown as wanted. ------------------------------------------------------ _Entered at Stationer’s Hall._ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ The original caption for the illustration of hat styles was almost illegible. It was replaced in the illustration by typed-in text in a similar typeface. ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was corrected. ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. ○ Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_); text in bold by “equal” signs (=bold=). End of Project Gutenberg's Lloyd's Treatise on Hats, by Robert Lloyd *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56103 ***