The Project Gutenberg eBook, Clerical Subscription and the Act of
Uniformity, by Edward Hoare


This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.




Title: Clerical Subscription and the Act of Uniformity


Author: Edward Hoare



Release Date: May 10, 2016  [eBook #52040]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8


***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CLERICAL SUBSCRIPTION AND THE ACT
OF UNIFORMITY***


Transcribed from the 1864 Hatchard and Co. edition by David Price, email
ccx074@pglaf.org





                          CLERICAL SUBSCRIPTION
                                   AND
                          THE ACT OF UNIFORMITY.


                                * * * * *

                                  BY THE

                         REV. EDWARD HOARE, M.A.,

              INCUMBENT OF TRINITY CHURCH, TUNBRIDGE WELLS.

                                * * * * *

                                 LONDON:
                    HATCHARD AND CO., 187, PICCADILLY.
                                  1864.

                                * * * * *

                             ALEX. MACINTOSH,
                                 PRINTER,
                        GREAT NEW-STREET, LONDON.

                                * * * * *




CLERICAL SUBSCRIPTION AND THE ACT OF UNIFORMITY.


As it has pleased Her Majesty to appoint a Royal Commission to consider
the subject of Clerical Subscription, the time has clearly come when
those who regard the principle of Subscription to be one of essential
importance to the well-being of our Church should consider carefully by
what arrangements that principle may be best maintained and carried out.
It is the opinion of many that the wisest course is to endeavour to
secure the present system without alteration, and earnestly to oppose any
change of any kind whatever.  Under many circumstances, I could believe
in the wisdom of so doing; but if it can be shown that there are great
objections against the present practice, then I think that, for the sake
of the principle, we ought to be prepared to receive with gratitude such
a change as may remove well-grounded and reasonable objections.  The
principle and the practice are so intimately connected in people’s minds
that they are almost sure to stand and fall together; so that if there is
any great defect in the practice, there is danger of the principle being
made to bear the blame of it; and if the practice is such as to give
reasonable dissatisfaction to reasonable men, it is almost sure to weaken
the hold which the principle has on the public mind.  On these grounds I
am anxious to call the attention of those Churchmen who believe in the
importance of the principle of Subscription to the practice as at present
imposed by the Act of Uniformity on the beneficed clergymen of the Church
of England; and I do so under the very strong conviction that, in order
to maintain the principle and, I might almost add, on every other ground,
there should be an united endeavour amongst English Churchmen without
delay to effect a change.

                                * * * * *

My reasons are as follows:—

(1.)  The Subscription, as now required of all incumbents, is required
not by the Church, but by the State.  The Church of England is in no
sense responsible for it, having never either sought or sanctioned it.
As the Church of England has always held the principle of Subscription,
so it has provided a form.  This form was first prepared in Convocation,
and then sanctioned by James I., by virtue of his prerogative royal, and
supreme authority in causes ecclesiastical.

This is the form embodied in the thirty-sixth Canon, and is as follows:—

I.  That the King’s Majesty, under God, is the only supreme Governor of
this Realm, and of all other his Highnesses dominions and countries, as
well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal; and
that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or potentate hath, or
ought to have, any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence, or
authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within his Majesty’s said realms,
dominions, and countries.

II.  That the Book of Common Prayer, and of ordering of bishops, priests,
and deacons, containeth in it nothing contrary to the Word of God, and
that it may lawfully so be used; and that he himself will use the form in
the said book prescribed, in publick prayer, and administration of the
Sacraments, and none other.

III.  That he alloweth the Book of Articles of Religion, agreed upon by
the archbishops and bishops of both provinces, and the whole clergy in
the Convocation, holden at London, in the year of our Lord 1562; and that
he acknowledgeth all and every the articles therein contained, being in
number nine-and-thirty, besides the ratification, to be agreeable to the
Word of God.

                                * * * * *

But the Church’s form was too temperate for the vindictive spirit of
Charles II. and his Parliament; and therefore, without consulting the
Church at all, the King’s Majesty, with the consent of the Lords and
Commons, enacted a new form of Subscription, and imposed it on all those
who either held any benefice at the time, or should hereafter be
presented to one.  No one, therefore, need fear that his allegiance to
the Church would be in any manner compromised by his disapprobation of
the form of Subscription required by the Act of Uniformity; for the
Church has never had anything to do with it beyond bearing the blame.  It
is a test imposed on Churchmen by Act of Parliament, without the
concurrence of the Church itself, and virtually supersedes the form which
the Church has provided.  It appears to me, therefore, that loyalty to
our Church would lead us respectfully to petition for the repeal of the
Parliamentary enactment, that so our Church may be permitted to carry out
her own principles, and make use of the form deliberately drawn up by
Convocation, and sanctioned by the Crown.##

(2.)  It is impossible to prove a negative; and I may be mistaken: but I
am not able to discover that such a form of Subscription as that required
by the Act of Uniformity was ever known in the whole history of
Christendom.  Churches, one after another, have drawn up Confessions of
Faith, and employed them as tests of opinion in the admission of their
ministers.  Most Churches have prepared liturgical forms for devotional
purposes, and required the use of these forms in public worship.  The
Confession of Faith has been carefully drawn up for one object, and the
Liturgy for another; the one to secure sound doctrine, and the other pure
devotional worship.  So the Church of England, in _its_ form of
Subscription, has kept the distinction perfectly clear.  It requires the
new incumbent to subscribe “that he alloweth the Book of Articles to be
agreeable to the Word of God,” thereby giving a positive acknowledgment
of their truth.  But of the devotional book, the Book of Common Prayer,
it requires him to sign,—“That it containeth in it nothing contrary to
the Word of God, and that it may lawfully so be used, and that he himself
will use the form in the said book prescribed, in publick prayer and
administration of the Sacraments, and none other.”  The Book of Articles
is employed as a Confession of Faith, or test of opinion; whereas all
that is required respecting the Book of Common Prayer is the promise to
use it, with the declaration that there is nothing wrong in so doing.
But this temperate spirit of the Church was not sufficient for the
purposes of Charles and his Parliament.  The persons whom they wanted to
turn out believed in the Articles, and were, many of them, quite willing
to use the Prayer-book.  Thus the Church’s principles were insufficient
for their ejection, and, in order to get rid of them, the plan was
devised of omitting all specific mention of the Articles, and making use
of the whole book as the test or confession of faith.  A long devotional
book of 400 pages, containing prayers, Psalms as pointed for chanting,
rubrics, addresses, and special services, some of which can be used by
the Bishops only, are all massed together, and made into a new exclusive
creed.  There is no exception made for anything.  “All and every thing”
is alike included, and the language is made as stringent as possible.  It
is as follows:—

    “I, A. B., do hereby declare my unfeigned assent and consent to all
    and every thing contained and prescribed in and by the book
    intituled, The Book of Common Prayer, and Administration of the
    Sacraments, and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, according
    to the uses of the Church of England; together with the Psalter, or
    Psalms of David, pointed as they are to be said or sung in Churches;
    and the form or manner of making, ordaining, and consecrating of
    Bishops, Priests, and Deacons.”

Never, I believe, was a more flagrant misuse of any document.  The book
was prepared for one purpose, and then, for party ends, employed for
another.  Prayers were made into creeds; the pointing of the Psalms into
a test of opinion; and rubrics into confessions of faith.  Fortunately,
there is wonderfully little in the book, taken as a whole, to wound the
conscience of those who subscribe to the Articles.  But that is not the
point.  The real question is, whether prayers, pointings, rubrics, &c.,
should be employed as creeds.  My own belief is, that they never ought to
be; for, if there is the accuracy of the creed, there cannot be the
devotional warmth of the prayer; that they never have been, except in
this instance; and that they would not have been, even in 1662, had it
not been for the spirit of retaliation, which, unhappily, induced the
King and Parliament to agree in passing the Act of Uniformity.

(3.)  But as the form of Subscription is Wrong in principle, so to many
conscientious minds it becomes painful in practice.

In a long devotional book it is next to impossible that all and
everything should be exactly to the mind of any one, and of all the
thousands of clergymen who regard the Liturgy as amongst the most sacred
possessions ever given to a Church I believe there are very few who would
not rejoice over a slight change here and there, if only they could be
sure that no changes which they disapproved would be introduced with
those they would approve.  Looking at the book in its comprehensive
character, as containing a Calendar of Lessons, a vast number of rubrics,
the Psalms pointed for chanting, and several occasional services, it is
vain to expect that every point of detail shall be exactly to the mind of
any man.  However decided the general approval, there must of necessity
be points of detail which grate, to say the least, on the feelings, if
they are not opposed to the judgment.  Thus there are many persons who
believe that there is nothing contrary to God’s Word in the Prayer-book,
and that it may be lawfully used, who still consider that “assent and
consent to all and every thing” is too strong a term to express their
state of mind respecting it.  The result is that some are deterred from
entering the ministry, others decline or resign preferment; while many
others would consider it a great relief if the form in the Canon were
substituted for that in the Act of Parliament.

(4.)  But there is another objection of a much graver character, and one
which, in these days of loose opinion, is, I believe, far more important
than any already mentioned.  By the confusion of the Articles and the
ritual in one form of Subscription the door is opened for great laxity as
to doctrine.

To meet the difficulty which conscientious persons may feel with
reference to the ritual, our Church, in the preface, claims for the book
that it shall “be allowed such just and favourable construction as in
common equity ought to be allowed to all human writings, especially such
as are set forth by authority.”  It is supposed, therefore, by the
Church, that each clergyman will put his own favourable construction on
the details of the book, which, as a whole, he greatly values; and,
provided that he does not consider any portion contrary to God’s Word,
she is prepared to entrust him with the use of it in the public ministry.
Now, such a principle as this is all very well with reference to forms,
but becomes inexpressibly dangerous when applied to doctrines.  It is
only right that men should be allowed to entertain their own opinion
respecting the selection of lessons in the calendar; but the very life of
the Church is imperilled if we admit a similar latitude respecting the
essential truths of Christianity.  Thus, the Act of Uniformity, by
confusing the two in one form of Subscription, practically opens the way
for laxity of religious belief.  It puts those who do not believe in the
Thirty-nine Articles in the same position as those who think that
mistakes have been made in the calendar, or that the mind of the Church
would be better expressed if two or three sentences amongst the
occasional services were omitted or slightly modified.  The favourable
construction which is necessary for a comprehensive ritual is claimed
equally for the confession of faith, and the denial of revealed truth is
placed on the same level as a scruple about a rubric.  To the mind of
Charles and his advisers I am inclined to think that the two were of
equal importance, or possibly the forms were more important than the
doctrines.  But men of all classes are now, thank God, waking up to the
conviction that all matters of ritual are as nothing when compared with
the truth as revealed in Scripture; and it is lamentable to think that
those who deny such a doctrine as the Atonement should be no more
condemned by their Subscription than are those conscientious men who are
made uncomfortable by a few trifling matters in the ritual.

The conclusion, therefore, is that, just in proportion as we value Divine
truth, we should endeavour to fall back on the wisdom of our forefathers,
who kept the two things quite distinct; and that there ought to be two
forms of Subscription, as directed by the Canon, instead of one, as
required by the Act of Uniformity; that so our adhesion to the great
scriptural and essential truths of the Gospel may stand out, as the
Church has placed it, quite distinct from our approbation of the various
details of the ritual.

But it is frequently argued that, if we touch any portion of the Act of
Uniformity, the whole would be endangered; and it is regarded as so
sacred a bulwark around the truth that no risk must be incurred
respecting it.

Now, I believe that this respect for the Act of Uniformity arises simply
from the fact that no one reads it.  The greater part has long since
become a dead-letter, and if the whole were swept away our position would
be very slightly changed.  The following is a short summary:—

1.  That the Book of Common Prayer as revised in 1660 should be used
instead of that of Edward VI.

2.  That all parsons, vicars, or other ministers should subscribe,
according to the form above given, before the Feast of St. Bartholomew,
1662; or within one month be deprived, _ipso facto_, of their spiritual
promotions.

3.  That every person who may hereafter be presented to any living make
the same Subscription.

4.  That every resident incumbent, where a curate is kept, read the
common prayers and service at least once a month, or forfeit 5_l._ to the
poor of the parish, on conviction before two justices of the peace.

5.  That all deans, canons, &c., and even tutors in private families,
shall subscribe a declaration against rebellion, a promise to conform to
the Liturgy, and until the year 1682 a renunciation of the Solemn League
and Covenant.

6.  That no person shall act as schoolmaster or private tutor in any
family without a licence from the Bishop, and that any person teaching
without a licence shall be liable to imprisonment for three months and a
fine of 5_l._

7.  That no person shall be admitted to any benefice who is not in holy
orders by episcopal ordination; or administer the Sacrament of the Lord’s
Supper unless he be ordained priest by episcopal ordination, upon pain of
a penalty of 100_l._

8.  That the penalties in this Act shall not extend to foreigners or
aliens of the Foreign Reformed Churches allowed, or to be allowed, by the
King’s Majesty, his heirs and successors in England.

9.  That all heads of colleges read the Morning Prayer in their college
chapel at least once in every quarter, upon pain to lose and be suspended
of and from all benefits and profits belonging to the same Government or
Headship by the space of six months.

10.  That all lecturers or preachers shall, on their admission and on the
first lecture day in every month afterwards, read the prayers for the
time of the day, and shall afterwards declare their unfeigned assent and
consent to the Book of Common Prayer according to the prescribed form;
that if they neglect to do so they shall be disabled to preach the said
or any other lecture; and that if they preach when so disabled they shall
suffer three months’ imprisonment in the common gaol without bail or
main-prise.

11.  That whenever a sermon or lecture is to be preached the common
prayer and service for that time of the day must be read.

12.  That previous statutes be not repealed.

13.  That the parishioners of the several parishes procure copies of the
Prayer-book before the Feast of St. Bartholomew, 1662.

14.  That the Book be translated into Welsh.

15.  That provision be made for the preservation of the Book in
Cathedrals and other places.

16.  That the Thirty-sixth Article be understood as applying to the book
mentioned in this Act as it did heretofore to that of Edward VI.

17.  That the form of prayer heretofore in use shall remain so until the
Feast of St. Bartholomew, 1662.

                                * * * * *

Now what is there in all this that is worth preserving? and what barrier
does it present against the inroads of error?  The greater part was
intended only for the day, and had done its work before the close of the
year 1662.  Of the remainder there is very little which has not long
since fallen into abeyance.  Rectors are never fined 5_l._ if they fail
in reading prayers once a month.  Tutors in private families never
subscribe any declaration against rebellion, and are never imprisoned for
teaching without the licence of the Bishop.  Heads of Colleges are
neither suspended nor deprived if they fail to read prayers once a
quarter in their college chapels.  Lecturers never repeat their
declaration of assent and consent on the first lecture day in each month,
and yet are never imprisoned.  And the Litany is constantly used even by
our Bishops in the place of Evening Prayer.  All that we want to preserve
as of present and practical importance is the adoption of the Liturgy as
revised in 1660, and the necessity of Episcopal ordination.  For aught I
know these may be secured by other statutes; but if not, there would be
no difficulty in securing them, though the whole Act of Uniformity were
repealed.  Or if it is thought desirable that so celebrated an Act of
Parliament ought to be preserved as a curious specimen of bygone
vindictive legislation, let an amendment be introduced substituting the
form of Subscription in the Canon for that required by the Act.  If this
were done, the Church would be permitted to guard its ministry according
to its own principles; many tender consciences would be relieved, and an
important step would be taken towards the attainment of the great object
of Her Majesty’s Commission, viz., the simplification of Clerical
Subscription “consistently with due security for the declared agreement
of the clergy with the doctrines of the Church, and conformity to its
ritual.”

                                * * * * *

              Macintosh, Printer, Great New-street, London.




***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CLERICAL SUBSCRIPTION AND THE ACT OF
UNIFORMITY***


******* This file should be named 52040-0.txt or 52040-0.zip *******


This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/2/0/4/52040


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
  are located before using this ebook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org 

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary 
Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:

    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.